Mécanismes de photo-commutation réversible des protéines fluorescentes

The property to be reversible switchable of some homologues fluorescents protein ofGFP open a large field for possible applications: such as, high-density data bio-storage andsuper-resolution microscopy. Between these proteins, we find several variants of GFP, such asyellow fluorescent protein, YFP, and fluorescents protein from marine Anthozoary species, asDronpa or Padron. Several structural studies suggest that these fluorescent proteins switch viaisomerization coupled with the protonation of the chromophore. However, thesynchronization between these processes, the detail about the photo-switching mechanism,and the role of conformational dynamics remains unclear. In combination of the kineticcrystallography and the optic spectroscopy in cristallo at low temperature, we have comparedthe YFP behavior, Dronpa and IrisFP, and we have studied in detail the photo-physicmechanism of Padron switching. In contrast to Dronpa and IrisFP, the YFP photoswitching ismore efficient at low temperature than at room temperature. Our results suggest that theYFPswitching is not associated to large structural rearrangements, but mostly a photo-inducedprotonation of the chromophore without isomerization. On the contrary, the studies done withPadron allowed us to show, in this case, the chromophore isomerization can be producedindependently of the protonation, at cryo-temperatures. Moreover, two intermediate stateswere revealed in the photo-pathway. Padron fluorescent protein allows to advance the firstgenetically inserted dye, being photo-switchable at cryogenic temperatureLa propriété d’être réversiblement commutable de certaines protéines fluorescenteshomologues à la GFP ouvre un vaste champ d’applications possibles: notamment le biostockagede données à haute densité et la microscopie à super résolution. Parmi ces protéines,on trouve plusieurs variantes de la GFP, notamment la protéine jaune YFP, et des protéinesfluorescentes issues d'espèces marines Anthozoaires, comme Dronpa ou Padron. Plusieursétudes structurales indiquent que ces protéines fluorescentes photochromiques commutent parisomérisation et protonation couplées du chromophore. Cependant, la synchronisation entreces deux événements, le détail des mécanismes de photo-commutation, et le rôle de ladynamique conformationelle restent incomplètement compris. Par l'utilisation combinée de lacristallographie cinétique et de la spectroscopie optique in cristallo à basse température, nousavons comparé le comportement des protéines YFP, Dronpa et IrisFP, et nous avons étudié endétail le mécanisme photo-physique de commutation chez la protéine Padron. Contrairement àDronpa et IrisFP, la photo-commutation d’YFP est plus efficace à basse température qu’àtempérature ambiante. Nos résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme de commutation d’YFPn'implique pas de changement conformationel majeur, mais plutôt une protonation photoinduitedu chromophore ne nécessitant pas d'isomérisation. Au contraire, les études réaliséessur la protéine Padron nous ont permis de montrer que, dans ce cas, l’isomérisation duchromophore peut se produire indépendamment de sa protonation, et, étonnamment, àtempérature cryogénique. De plus, deux états intermédiaires ont pu être caractérisés au coursdu processus de photo-commutation. La protéine Padron a permis de mettre à jour le premiermarqueur codable génétiquement qui soit efficacement photo-commutable à températurecryogénique

Mécanismes de photo-commutation réversible des protéines fluorescentes

La propriété d être réversiblement commutable de certaines protéines fluorescenteshomologues à la GFP ouvre un vaste champ d applications possibles: notamment le biostockagede données à haute densité et la microscopie à super résolution. Parmi ces protéines,on trouve plusieurs variantes de la GFP, notamment la protéine jaune YFP, et des protéinesfluorescentes issues d'espèces marines Anthozoaires, comme Dronpa ou Padron. Plusieursétudes structurales indiquent que ces protéines fluorescentes photochromiques commutent parisomérisation et protonation couplées du chromophore. Cependant, la synchronisation entreces deux événements, le détail des mécanismes de photo-commutation, et le rôle de ladynamique conformationelle restent incomplètement compris. Par l'utilisation combinée de lacristallographie cinétique et de la spectroscopie optique in cristallo à basse température, nousavons comparé le comportement des protéines YFP, Dronpa et IrisFP, et nous avons étudié endétail le mécanisme photo-physique de commutation chez la protéine Padron. Contrairement àDronpa et IrisFP, la photo-commutation d YFP est plus efficace à basse température qu àtempérature ambiante. Nos résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme de commutation d YFPn'implique pas de changement conformationel majeur, mais plutôt une protonation photoinduitedu chromophore ne nécessitant pas d'isomérisation. Au contraire, les études réaliséessur la protéine Padron nous ont permis de montrer que, dans ce cas, l isomérisation duchromophore peut se produire indépendamment de sa protonation, et, étonnamment, àtempérature cryogénique. De plus, deux états intermédiaires ont pu être caractérisés au coursdu processus de photo-commutation. La protéine Padron a permis de mettre à jour le premiermarqueur codable génétiquement qui soit efficacement photo-commutable à températurecryogénique.The property to be reversible switchable of some homologues fluorescents protein ofGFP open a large field for possible applications: such as, high-density data bio-storage andsuper-resolution microscopy. Between these proteins, we find several variants of GFP, such asyellow fluorescent protein, YFP, and fluorescents protein from marine Anthozoary species, asDronpa or Padron. Several structural studies suggest that these fluorescent proteins switch viaisomerization coupled with the protonation of the chromophore. However, thesynchronization between these processes, the detail about the photo-switching mechanism,and the role of conformational dynamics remains unclear. In combination of the kineticcrystallography and the optic spectroscopy in cristallo at low temperature, we have comparedthe YFP behavior, Dronpa and IrisFP, and we have studied in detail the photo-physicmechanism of Padron switching. In contrast to Dronpa and IrisFP, the YFP photoswitching ismore efficient at low temperature than at room temperature. Our results suggest that theYFPswitching is not associated to large structural rearrangements, but mostly a photo-inducedprotonation of the chromophore without isomerization. On the contrary, the studies done withPadron allowed us to show, in this case, the chromophore isomerization can be producedindependently of the protonation, at cryo-temperatures. Moreover, two intermediate stateswere revealed in the photo-pathway. Padron fluorescent protein allows to advance the firstgenetically inserted dye, being photo-switchable at cryogenic temperatureSAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Reversible photoswitching mechanism of the Fluorescent Proteins

La propriété d’être réversiblement commutable de certaines protéines fluorescenteshomologues à la GFP ouvre un vaste champ d’applications possibles: notamment le biostockagede données à haute densité et la microscopie à super résolution. Parmi ces protéines,on trouve plusieurs variantes de la GFP, notamment la protéine jaune YFP, et des protéinesfluorescentes issues d'espèces marines Anthozoaires, comme Dronpa ou Padron. Plusieursétudes structurales indiquent que ces protéines fluorescentes photochromiques commutent parisomérisation et protonation couplées du chromophore. Cependant, la synchronisation entreces deux événements, le détail des mécanismes de photo-commutation, et le rôle de ladynamique conformationelle restent incomplètement compris. Par l'utilisation combinée de lacristallographie cinétique et de la spectroscopie optique in cristallo à basse température, nousavons comparé le comportement des protéines YFP, Dronpa et IrisFP, et nous avons étudié endétail le mécanisme photo-physique de commutation chez la protéine Padron. Contrairement àDronpa et IrisFP, la photo-commutation d’YFP est plus efficace à basse température qu’àtempérature ambiante. Nos résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme de commutation d’YFPn'implique pas de changement conformationel majeur, mais plutôt une protonation photoinduitedu chromophore ne nécessitant pas d'isomérisation. Au contraire, les études réaliséessur la protéine Padron nous ont permis de montrer que, dans ce cas, l’isomérisation duchromophore peut se produire indépendamment de sa protonation, et, étonnamment, àtempérature cryogénique. De plus, deux états intermédiaires ont pu être caractérisés au coursdu processus de photo-commutation. La protéine Padron a permis de mettre à jour le premiermarqueur codable génétiquement qui soit efficacement photo-commutable à températurecryogénique.The property to be reversible switchable of some homologues fluorescents protein ofGFP open a large field for possible applications: such as, high-density data bio-storage andsuper-resolution microscopy. Between these proteins, we find several variants of GFP, such asyellow fluorescent protein, YFP, and fluorescents protein from marine Anthozoary species, asDronpa or Padron. Several structural studies suggest that these fluorescent proteins switch viaisomerization coupled with the protonation of the chromophore. However, thesynchronization between these processes, the detail about the photo-switching mechanism,and the role of conformational dynamics remains unclear. In combination of the kineticcrystallography and the optic spectroscopy in cristallo at low temperature, we have comparedthe YFP behavior, Dronpa and IrisFP, and we have studied in detail the photo-physicmechanism of Padron switching. In contrast to Dronpa and IrisFP, the YFP photoswitching ismore efficient at low temperature than at room temperature. Our results suggest that theYFPswitching is not associated to large structural rearrangements, but mostly a photo-inducedprotonation of the chromophore without isomerization. On the contrary, the studies done withPadron allowed us to show, in this case, the chromophore isomerization can be producedindependently of the protonation, at cryo-temperatures. Moreover, two intermediate stateswere revealed in the photo-pathway. Padron fluorescent protein allows to advance the firstgenetically inserted dye, being photo-switchable at cryogenic temperatur

Structural and functional studies about Xylellain, the cysteine protease from bacterium

A Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria gram-negativa que infecta o xilema das plantas causando muitas vezes a maturação precoce e a diminuição dos frutos. Ela é responsável por importantes perdas na economia, no Brasil é a causadora de doenças de Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC) e a da doença de Pierce nos Estados Unidos. As proteases desempenham funções vitais no ciclo de vida de muitos parasitas, muitas estão envolvidas em processos infecciosos, a Xylellaína é uma cisteíno protease que é diferentemente expressa em cepas patogênicas a não patogênica. A compreensão de seu mecanismo catalítico, através do estudo da sua estrutura e função, pode ajudar no planejamento de inibidores seletivos, potenciais agentes contra as doenças fitopatológicas ocasionadas pela X. fastidiosa. Sua estrutura molecular foi elucidada no Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas e Biologia Estrutural do Instituto de Física de São Carlos (USP), estudos estruturais mostraram que a proteína se apresenta na forma de uma pró-proteína, pois está inativa devido a uma pró-região que bloqueia o sítio catalítico. Também foi verificada a presença de um nucleotídeo na estrutura da Xylellaína próximo a pró-região, como hipótese foi considerada a relação entre o nucleotídeo e o mecanismo de ativação da proteína. A influência do nucleotídeo na atividade funcional da enzima foi constatada através da comparação de ensaios enzimáticos entre a enzima nativa e mutantes. As mutações foram planejadas com a intenção de ocasionar a desestabilização do nucleotídeo, por isso foram mutados os resíduos da pró-região que interagem diretamente com o ele. As mutações foram Fenilalanina 45 (F45), Arginina 43 (R43) e F45/R43, todos os resíduos foram mutados para Alaninas (A). Os resultados mostraram que os valores de Km obtidos para a proteína nativa e suas mutantes apresentaram consideráveis alterações quando comparado entre eles, esse efeito não foi percebido para a eficiência catalítica. Conclui-se que as mutações pouco alteraram a capacidade da enzima converter o subsrato em produto, mas houve significantes alterações no reconhecimento do substrato. Esse resultado corrobora com a hipótese de que a existência do nucleotídeo está relacionada com o mecanismo de ativação da proteína.Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram-negative bacterium which infects the plant xylem system causing in many cases precocious maturation and diminution of fruits. It is responsible for economically important plant diseases, such as the Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC). Proteases might be involved in the infection process by disrupting plant tissue. Xylellain is a cysteine protease which is differently expressed in strain pathogen and non-pathogen of X. fastidiosa. The 3D structure of xylellain was solved by our group and structural studies show that this protein has a proenzyme form and a ribonucleotideo close to the amine terminal region. Our hypothesis is that protein-nucleotide interactions are related to xylellains activation mechanism. To evaluate the influence of the nucleotide in the functional activity of enzyme, point mutations in aminoacids which interact directly with this ribonucleotide were carried out. The point mutations are phenylalanine 45 (F45) and arginine 43 (R43), individually mutated for alanine (A) residues. One way to quantify the changes caused by the alteration of a nucleotide is the direct comparison between the kinetic enzyme assays of native and mutant proteins. Greater variations between the values of Km than in the values of catalytic efficiency were observed. This suggests that the speed of production varied by enzyme-substrate. However the mutations caused little change on the ability of the protease to catalyze the reaction. This result is in agreement with the hypothesis that the nucleotide provides the structural support for the hinge formation on the N-terminal domain, thus directing the inhibitory peptide inside the active site of the enzyme. Therefore, the nucleotide may be exerting regulatory functions in vivo, possibly in the folding or activation of the protein and performance of catalytic function

Mécanismes de photo-commutation réversible des protéines fluorescentes

The property to be reversible switchable of some homologues fluorescents protein ofGFP open a large field for possible applications: such as, high-density data bio-storage andsuper-resolution microscopy. Between these proteins, we find several variants of GFP, such asyellow fluorescent protein, YFP, and fluorescents protein from marine Anthozoary species, asDronpa or Padron. Several structural studies suggest that these fluorescent proteins switch viaisomerization coupled with the protonation of the chromophore. However, thesynchronization between these processes, the detail about the photo-switching mechanism,and the role of conformational dynamics remains unclear. In combination of the kineticcrystallography and the optic spectroscopy in cristallo at low temperature, we have comparedthe YFP behavior, Dronpa and IrisFP, and we have studied in detail the photo-physicmechanism of Padron switching. In contrast to Dronpa and IrisFP, the YFP photoswitching ismore efficient at low temperature than at room temperature. Our results suggest that theYFPswitching is not associated to large structural rearrangements, but mostly a photo-inducedprotonation of the chromophore without isomerization. On the contrary, the studies done withPadron allowed us to show, in this case, the chromophore isomerization can be producedindependently of the protonation, at cryo-temperatures. Moreover, two intermediate stateswere revealed in the photo-pathway. Padron fluorescent protein allows to advance the firstgenetically inserted dye, being photo-switchable at cryogenic temperatureLa propriété d’être réversiblement commutable de certaines protéines fluorescenteshomologues à la GFP ouvre un vaste champ d’applications possibles: notamment le biostockagede données à haute densité et la microscopie à super résolution. Parmi ces protéines,on trouve plusieurs variantes de la GFP, notamment la protéine jaune YFP, et des protéinesfluorescentes issues d'espèces marines Anthozoaires, comme Dronpa ou Padron. Plusieursétudes structurales indiquent que ces protéines fluorescentes photochromiques commutent parisomérisation et protonation couplées du chromophore. Cependant, la synchronisation entreces deux événements, le détail des mécanismes de photo-commutation, et le rôle de ladynamique conformationelle restent incomplètement compris. Par l'utilisation combinée de lacristallographie cinétique et de la spectroscopie optique in cristallo à basse température, nousavons comparé le comportement des protéines YFP, Dronpa et IrisFP, et nous avons étudié endétail le mécanisme photo-physique de commutation chez la protéine Padron. Contrairement àDronpa et IrisFP, la photo-commutation d’YFP est plus efficace à basse température qu’àtempérature ambiante. Nos résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme de commutation d’YFPn'implique pas de changement conformationel majeur, mais plutôt une protonation photoinduitedu chromophore ne nécessitant pas d'isomérisation. Au contraire, les études réaliséessur la protéine Padron nous ont permis de montrer que, dans ce cas, l’isomérisation duchromophore peut se produire indépendamment de sa protonation, et, étonnamment, àtempérature cryogénique. De plus, deux états intermédiaires ont pu être caractérisés au coursdu processus de photo-commutation. La protéine Padron a permis de mettre à jour le premiermarqueur codable génétiquement qui soit efficacement photo-commutable à températurecryogénique

Photoactivated structural dynamics of fluorescent proteins

International audienceProteins of the GFP (green fluorescent protein) family have revolutionized life sciences because they allow the tagging of biological samples in a non-invasive genetically encoded way. 'Phototransformable' fluorescent proteins, in particular, have recently attracted widespread interest, as their fluorescence state can be finely tuned by actinic light, a property central to the development of super-resolution microscopy. Beyond microscopy applications, phototransformable fluorescent proteins are also exquisite tools to investigate fundamental protein dynamics. Using light to trigger processes such as photoactivation, photoconversion, photoswitching, blinking and photobleaching allows the exploration of the conformational landscape in multiple directions. In the present paper, we review how structural dynamics of phototransformable fluorescent proteins can be monitored by combining X-ray crystallography, in crystallo optical spectroscopy and simulation tools such as quantum chemistry/molecular mechanics hybrid approaches. Besides their usefulness to rationally engineer better performing fluorescent proteins for nanoscopy and other biotechnological applications, these investigations provide fundamental insights into protein dynamics

Low-temperature switching by photoinduced protonation in photochromic fluorescent proteins

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Low-Temperature Chromophore Isomerization Reveals the PhotoswitchingMechanism of the Fluorescent Protein Padron

International audiencePhotoactivatable fluorescent proteins are essential players in nanoscopy approaches based on the super-localization of single molecules. The subclass of reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins typically activate through isomerization of the chromophore coupled with a change in its protonation state. However, the interplay between these two events, the details of photoswitching pathways, and the role of protein dynamics remain incompletely understood. Here, by using a combination of structural and spectroscopic approaches, we discovered two fluorescent intermediate states along the on-switching pathway of the fluorescent protein Padron. The first intermediate can be populated at temperatures as low as 100 K and results from a remarkable trans-cis isomerization of the anionic chromophore taking place within a protein matrix essentially deprived of conformational flexibility. This intermediate evolves in the dark at cryotemperatures to a second structurally similar but spectroscopically distinct anionic intermediate. The final fluorescent state, which consists of a mixture of anionic and neutral chromophores in the cis configuration, is only reached above the glass transition temperature, suggesting that chromophore protonation involves solvent interactions mediated by pronounced dynamical breathing of the protein scaffold. The possibility of efficiently and reversibly photoactivating Padron at cryotemperatures will facilitate the development of advanced super-resolution imaging modalities such as cryonanoscopy

The crystal structure of the cysteine protease Xylellain from Xylella fastidiosa reveals an intriguing activation mechanism

Xylella fastidiosa is responsible for a wide range of economically important plant diseases. We report here the crystal structure and kinetic data of Xylellain, the first cysteine protease characterized from the genome of the pathogenic X. fastidiosa strain 9a5c. Xylellain has a papain-family fold, and part of the N-terminal sequence blocks the enzyme active site, thereby mediating protein activity. One novel feature identified in the structure is the presence of a ribonucleotide bound outside the active site. We show that this ribonucleotide plays an important regulatory role in Xylellain enzyme kinetics, possibly functioning as a physiological mediator.FAPESP (98/14138-2